Differences between C3, C4 and CAM plants

C3, C4, and CAM are the three types of photosynthesis which carries out similar functions. Their reactions relate most to light reactions. It also relates to the Calvin Cycle. The goal of water and CO2 is to pass through the stomata. C3, C4, and CAM all have their ways of getting through, however, C4 and CAM are much more efficient than the C3 fixation. C3 carbon fixation is a metabolic pathway for carbon fixation during the process of photosynthesis. Through the reaction 6Co2 + 6ruBP -> 12 3- phosphoglycerate, CO2 and ribulose bisphosphate is converted into - 3 phosphoglycerate. C3 pathways require 18 ATP. It is the most typically used in plants. C4 is when CO2 is driven out of the malate into the reaction than from the air. The C4 consumes much more energy than the C3 because CO2 molecules have to be fixed twice. C4 pathways require 30 ATP. It results in better water use efficiency. CAM plants save energy and water. It has better water use efficiency than C3 plants.  Its processes are faster than C3 plants under deserts high heat and light conditions due to extra biochemical pathways.

http://tables-evo-sci.blogspot.com/2007/11/comparison-of-c-3-c-4-cam-plants.html

Macromolecule Structure

Macromolecules are molecules developed in polymerization. Due to this, each macromolecule has a head and tail because they are polar. The main function of macromolecules are to inject cells with the functions of life. They are repetitions of subunits bonded to one another. Since there are different types of macromolecules, there are different subunits that make up the composition of those molecules. Of course, with each different type of macromolecule, there should be a way to identify them. Subunits of Macromolecules are often covalently bonded by dehydration synthesis in which water is lost.

However, macromolecules can be broken down by the process of hydrolysis which has to deal with the addition of water. 
Carbohydrates are a type of macromolecule.

Nucleic Acids and Proteins are also Macromolecules.
 Lipids are Macromolecules as well, however they are not considered to be polymers.
Each of the Macromolecules are composed of monomers. Nucleic Acids are composed of nucleotides, carbohydrates are composed of mono saccharides, and proteins are composed of amino acids.


However it is structure of these macromolecules that affect their functions. 




http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/macromolecules.htm
http://biomodel.uah.es/en/model3/index.htm
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp03/0302002.html

BIOChemistry

Matter is important because it is anything that takes up space and has mass. Elements are important because they cannot be broken down by further reactions which means they are pure: by which 25 are needed. Atoms are important because they make up matter. They also make up elements and retain its properties. Isotopes are important because it enables elements to have different masses. Cohesion is important because it is the ability to hold substances together by hydrogen bonding. Poler Molecules are important because it means that a molecule has opposite charges at opposing ends. This is very important to water because it influences water's versatility due to its polarity. Solvents are important because it means that it is a dissolving agent, which contributes to water's versatility.Kinetic energy is important in that it is the energy of motion. Temperature is important because it is heat's intensity which is influenced by the kinetic energy. Hydrocarbons are important in that they consist of carbon and hydrogens. This fact is important because the hydrogens atoms are attached to the cytoskeleton where its electrons are available for covalent bonding.   Isomers are important in that they are compounds with a same formula but they are different in structures. This difference means that they have different properties. Functional Groups are very important because they are involved in chemical reactions which influences molecular diversity. Polymers are important because they are linked by covalent bonds which tie together its building blocks because they are macromolecules. Starches are important because they are storages polysaccharides for plants. Polysaccharides are storage spaces that provide sugar for cells. They are also important because they also serve to protect cells. Hydrolysis is important because it breaks down macromolecules with water. Hydrolysis of glycogen enables sugar to be released to the animal when needed. Fat is important because it stores energy. Amino Acids are important because they are similar to cells where they are building blocks, however Amino Acids formulate proteins. Although there is a limited amount of amino acids, there are endless combinations by which proteins can be formed. DNA is important because it holds genetic information for cells which is passed down during cell replication. RNA is important for protein synthesis. It also carries out the functions told by DNA.