Week 16

What has surprised you the most so far about Time, Love, Memory?

Time, Love, Memory is a very surprising book. It is interesting in that it explains the basic perspective of the mind of a biologist. The thing that surprised me the most regarding this book is the many experiments performed in order to the prove many of the scientist's hypothesis correct. In addition, the amount of scientific knowledge that these scientists have, is very admirable and impressive. In addition to science, mathematics is a major factor in calculating the possibilities of these experiments to occur. Because of Benzer's experiments, the discovery of Double Helixes were made in addition to allowing the expansion of educational expansion. In addition, the author comments on how the human brain is made of interchangeable parts. It is the most interesting because the brain stem serves its own function, which makes it impossible, "to convince them to mate in right combinations," that the scientists would like for their subjects participating in their experiments.

BOW 11/10/11

Describe 3 beneficial bacteria include pictures
Three Beneficial Bacteria includes Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria, and Probiotic.

Lactobacilli

Bifidobacteria

probiotic

Beneficial bacteria are often found in the intestines as a way of fighting infections. Beneficial Bacteria does not only help in the body but also in water such as helping to dissolve sludge. It also helps to destroy unhealthy bacterial growth in the water which evidently influences the reduction of harmful odors, and the growth of algae.
Lactobacilli is found to be a beneficial bacteria. It is a gram positive facultative anaerobic bacteria which takes the color of violet or dark blue. It acquires a rod shape. The main function of the bacteria is to convert lactose into lactic acid. This feature is what helps to define lactobacilli into the lactic acid bacteria group. It can be found in the digestive tract. In terms of human health, the lactobacilli bacteria helps to benefit many processes, some of which includes reducing the effects of an infection as well as helps to prevent diarrhea. In addition, not only does it protect against toxic bacteria, it also helps to provide the body with friendly flora such as vitamins or cleansing of the tracts. Bifidobacteria can be found regularly in the intestines. It is gram positive and is part of the anaerobic branch. It is known to make up the major genera of bacteria in the colon in mammals. Bifidobacteria works by helping to decrease certain harmful bacteria from growing.  Because of Bifidobacteria, the balance of bacteria is equalized in the digestive tract. Probiotics is often found as a dietary supplement or in food. It is found to have been already available or added. It actually originates from the previous bacteria mentioned, bifidobacterium and lactobacillus. It helps in the proper development of immune systems and it helps to protect from harmful diseases. The probiotics are actually found to be extremely helpful to the body in terms of protecting against potentially harmful processes such as diarrhea.

http://fermplus.com/lactobacilli
http://www.rxlist.com/bifidobacteria-page3/supplements.htm
http://www.medicinenet.com/probiotics/page2.htm

Macromolecule structure

Macromolecules are molecules developed in polymerization. Due to this, each macromolecule has a head and tail because they are polar. The main function of macromolecules are to inject cells with the functions of life. They are repetitions of subunits bonded to one another. Since there are different types of macromolecules, there are different subunits that make up the composition of those molecules. Of course, with each different type of macromolecule, there should be a way to identify them. Subunits of Macromolecules are often covalently bonded by dehydration synthesis in which water is lost.

However, macromolecules can be broken down by the process of hydrolysis which has to deal with the addition of water. 
Carbohydrates are a type of macromolecule.

Nucleic Acids and Proteins are also Macromolecules.
 Lipids are Macromolecules as well, however they are not considered to be polymers.
Each of the Macromolecules are composed of monomers. Nucleic Acids are composed of nucleotides, carbohydrates are composed of mono saccharides, and proteins are composed of amino acids.


However it is structure of these macromolecules that affect their functions. 




http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/macromolecules.htm
http://biomodel.uah.es/en/model3/index.htm
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp03/0302002.html

Differences between C3, C4 and CAM plants

C3, C4, and CAM are the three types of photosynthesis which carries out similar functions. Their reactions relate most to light reactions. It also relates to the Calvin Cycle. The goal of water and CO2 is to pass through the stomata. C3, C4, and CAM all have their ways of getting through, however, C4 and CAM are much more efficient than the C3 fixation. C3 carbon fixation is a metabolic pathway for carbon fixation during the process of photosynthesis. Through the reaction 6Co2 + 6ruBP -> 12 3- phosphoglycerate, CO2 and ribulose bisphosphate is converted into - 3 phosphoglycerate. C3 pathways require 18 ATP. It is the most typically used in plants. C4 is when CO2 is driven out of the malate into the reaction than from the air. The C4 consumes much more energy than the C3 because CO2 molecules have to be fixed twice. C4 pathways require 30 ATP. It results in better water use efficiency. CAM plants save energy and water. It has better water use efficiency than C3 plants.  Its processes are faster than C3 plants under deserts high heat and light conditions due to extra biochemical pathways.

http://tables-evo-sci.blogspot.com/2007/11/comparison-of-c-3-c-4-cam-plants.html

Macromolecule Structure

Macromolecules are molecules developed in polymerization. Due to this, each macromolecule has a head and tail because they are polar. The main function of macromolecules are to inject cells with the functions of life. They are repetitions of subunits bonded to one another. Since there are different types of macromolecules, there are different subunits that make up the composition of those molecules. Of course, with each different type of macromolecule, there should be a way to identify them. Subunits of Macromolecules are often covalently bonded by dehydration synthesis in which water is lost.

However, macromolecules can be broken down by the process of hydrolysis which has to deal with the addition of water. 
Carbohydrates are a type of macromolecule.

Nucleic Acids and Proteins are also Macromolecules.
 Lipids are Macromolecules as well, however they are not considered to be polymers.
Each of the Macromolecules are composed of monomers. Nucleic Acids are composed of nucleotides, carbohydrates are composed of mono saccharides, and proteins are composed of amino acids.


However it is structure of these macromolecules that affect their functions. 




http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/macromolecules.htm
http://biomodel.uah.es/en/model3/index.htm
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp03/0302002.html

BIOChemistry

Matter is important because it is anything that takes up space and has mass. Elements are important because they cannot be broken down by further reactions which means they are pure: by which 25 are needed. Atoms are important because they make up matter. They also make up elements and retain its properties. Isotopes are important because it enables elements to have different masses. Cohesion is important because it is the ability to hold substances together by hydrogen bonding. Poler Molecules are important because it means that a molecule has opposite charges at opposing ends. This is very important to water because it influences water's versatility due to its polarity. Solvents are important because it means that it is a dissolving agent, which contributes to water's versatility.Kinetic energy is important in that it is the energy of motion. Temperature is important because it is heat's intensity which is influenced by the kinetic energy. Hydrocarbons are important in that they consist of carbon and hydrogens. This fact is important because the hydrogens atoms are attached to the cytoskeleton where its electrons are available for covalent bonding.   Isomers are important in that they are compounds with a same formula but they are different in structures. This difference means that they have different properties. Functional Groups are very important because they are involved in chemical reactions which influences molecular diversity. Polymers are important because they are linked by covalent bonds which tie together its building blocks because they are macromolecules. Starches are important because they are storages polysaccharides for plants. Polysaccharides are storage spaces that provide sugar for cells. They are also important because they also serve to protect cells. Hydrolysis is important because it breaks down macromolecules with water. Hydrolysis of glycogen enables sugar to be released to the animal when needed. Fat is important because it stores energy. Amino Acids are important because they are similar to cells where they are building blocks, however Amino Acids formulate proteins. Although there is a limited amount of amino acids, there are endless combinations by which proteins can be formed. DNA is important because it holds genetic information for cells which is passed down during cell replication. RNA is important for protein synthesis. It also carries out the functions told by DNA.

ecology

 

Cells are important because it is the basic function of life. Carrying Capacity of an environment is important to note because it is the capacity of how many can live in that certain area before running out of resources.Resource Partitioning is important because it means that land is divided according the coexistent species in which they abide by the niche of one another. Population Density is affections how many species can occupy a particular environment which affects the stability of the environment and of whom can survive there. It affects the environment due to the abundance of resources available.
Behavioral Ecology is important because it involves the study of  species behavior and of how those behaviors affect its environment. Biogeochemicalcycles are important because they are dependent on the biotic and abiotic niches of the environment. They affect the cycles in which helps to establish new organic matter. Dispersion is important because it involves the spreading of species to different locations. It relates with resource partitioning so that they species get the resources they need and they do not eat other other in terms of predation. Ecology is important because it is the study of how species interaction with each other and why they are able to survive due to these characteristics. Food Chain is important because it also involves species along with their predators along with resources available. Species are minuscule at the bottom of the phone chain in which they become bigger as they climb the food chain to the top. At the top are the big predators. Ecosystem refers to areas that organisms are able to interact with each other. It provides the resources, environment and climate that a species needs in order to survive.
Evolution refers to the change of species from the beginning of  time to the present. It is important because it involves the changing characteristic of species in order to adapt to the enviroment.
Bioremeditation goes along with ecosystems because it involves the use of living organisms to help detoxify a given ecosystem. Fixed Action Pattern involves characteristics learned by species which are unchangeable. It is important because it learns habits that affect the way they live and can not be changed, such as when the ducks followed  human being, believing that person was their mother.
Ecosystem Services are all the services that ecosystems perform in order to sustain stability and survival on earth.stability is important because it represents the ability of species to return to its original state despite a minor disturbance. It is important because it means that it does not disturb its surrounding enviroments as well. Biodiversity is important because it allows for different species to occupy and environment in which affects the environment and the occupants of that particular environment. Learning affects a species behavior as a result of experience. It is crucial because it allows them to adapt to certain behaviors to ensure its protection such as tactics to fight a predator. Restoration allows for environments to resort back to its original state after disturbances so that the occupants of that environment may return.
Behaviors are crucial to animals because they define the animals ability to survive in surrounding ecosystems.Population refers to the amount of species occupying a certain area. It is important because population affects the ecosystem due to disturbance as well as the ability for the entire population to survive as a result of food availability.

Me!